Can't use any steam commands through browser?

I think Chrome blocks most links for external programs and thus they don't work.

+1

Right click on any game in your library -> properties -> create the shortcut. Try to launch the game from a shortcut. If it starts it's your browsers fault. The easiest way to fix it is to reset your browser to default settings or reinstall it. If it doesn't start it's your Steam installation/operating system fault. The easiest way to fix it is to reinstall your Steam.